1. The Backward Design Model (Wiggins & McTighe, 1998)

This model starts with the end in mind. Instead of planning lessons first, educators identify desired learning outcomes (what students should know and do), then decide on assessment evidence, and finally plan learning experiences to achieve those outcomes.

• Stages:

  1. Identify desired results

  2. Determine acceptable evidence (assessment)

  3. Plan learning experiences and instruction

• Key Idea: Focus on deep understanding and transfer of learning rather than mere content coverage.

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2. The Spiral Curriculum (Bruner, 1960, modern adaptations)

Originally proposed by Jerome Bruner, this approach suggests that learners revisit key ideas or skills repeatedly at increasing levels of complexity. Modern versions apply this through scaffolded learning and vertical curriculum alignment.

• Key Idea: Reinforce learning progressively to strengthen understanding and retention.

• Common in: STEM, language learning, and competency-based programs.

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3. The Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC)

Widely used today, especially in TVET and outcomes-based education, this model focuses on demonstrating mastery of specific competencies rather than just completing topics or seat time.

• Key Features:

  • Learners progress at their own pace.

  • Assessment is performance-based.

  • Learning is personalized and flexible.

• Examples: TESDA training regulations, Australian VET system, and DepEd’s senior high school tracks.

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4. The Constructivist or Inquiry-Based Model

This approach builds on the idea that learners actively construct knowledge through experience and reflection. Curriculum development here encourages exploration, questioning, and problem-solving.

• Key Idea: Teachers act as facilitators who guide students in discovering concepts for themselves.

• Common in: Science, project-based learning, and 21st-century skills programs.

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5. The Technological or Digital Curriculum Model

In today’s digital world, this approach integrates ICT, online platforms, and digital tools into the design and delivery of curriculum. It promotes blended learning, digital literacy, and global collaboration.

• Key Components:

  • Use of online learning management systems (LMS)

  • Multimedia and interactive content

  • Data-informed instructional design

• Examples: Google Classroom, Microsoft Teams, Moodle, Canvas, etc.

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6. The Humanistic or Inclusive Curriculum Approach

This model emphasizes personal growth, emotional intelligence, social responsibility, and inclusivity. It considers learners’ individual differences, cultural backgrounds, and emotional well-being.

• Key Idea: Education should develop the “whole person,” not just cognitive skills.

• Aligned with: Universal Design for Learning (UDL), inclusive education, and social-emotional learning frameworks.

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7. The Ecological or Sustainable Curriculum Approach

An emerging global trend, this approach integrates environmental awareness, sustainability, and global citizenship into learning. It aligns with UNESCO’s Education for Sustainable Development (ESD).

• Key Idea: Encourage learners to think critically about human–environment interactions and take responsible action.

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8. The Transdisciplinary Curriculum Model

Used in International Baccalaureate (IB) and modern progressive schools, this model breaks traditional subject boundaries. Learning is organized around themes, issues, or real-world problems.

• Key Idea: Knowledge is interconnected; learning should mirror real-life contexts.

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Summary Table